Determination Of Copper Research Articles

A novel potentiometric screen-printed electrode based on crown ethers/nano manganese oxide/Nafion composite for trace level determination of copper ion in biological fluids.

Copper levels in biological fluids are associated with Wilson's, Alzheimer's, Menke's, and Parkinson's diseases, making them good biochemical markers for these diseases. This study introduces a miniaturized screen-printed electrode (SPE) for the potentiometric determination of copper(II) in some biological fluids. Manganese(III) oxide nanoparticles (Mn2O3-NPs), dispersed in Nafion, are drop-casted onto a graphite/PET substrate, serving as the ion-to-electron transducer material. The solid-contact material is then covered by a selective polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane incorporated with 18-crown-6 as a neutral ion carrier for the selective determination of copper(II) ions. The proposed electrode exhibits a Nernstian response with a slope of 30.2 ± 0.3mV/decade (R2 = 0.999) over the linear concentration range 5.2 × 10-9 - 6.2 × 10-3mol/l and a detection limit of 1.1 × 10-9mol/l (69.9ng/l). Short-term potential stability is evaluated using constant current chronopotentiometry (CP) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). A significant improvement in the electrode capacitance (91.5 μF) is displayed due to the use of Mn2O3-NPs as a solid contact. The presence of Nafion, with its high hydrophobicity properties, eliminates the formation of the thin water layer, facilitating the ion-to-electron transduction between the sensing membrane and the conducting substrate. Additionally, it enhances the adhesion of the polymeric sensing membrane to the solid-contact material, preventing membrane delamination and increasingthe electrode's lifespan. The high selectivity, sensitivity, and potential stability of the proposed miniaturized electrode suggests its use for the determination of copper(II) ions in human blood serum and milk samples. The results obtained agree fairly well with data obtained by flameless atomic absorption spectrometry.

Non-ceruloplasmin copper and urinary copper in clinically stable Wilson Disease: Alignment with recommended targets

Background and AimsWilson disease (WD) is caused by accumulation of copper primarily in liver and brain. During maintenance therapy of WD with D-penicillamine, current guidelines recommend on-treatment ranges of urinary copper excretion (UCE) 200-500 μg/24h and serum non-ceruloplasmin bound copper (NCC) 50-150 μg/L. We compared NCC measured by two novel assays and UCE from clinically stable WD patients on D-penicillamine therapy with these recommendations. MethodsThis is a secondary analysis of data from the Chelate Trial (NCT03539952) that enrolled physician selected clinically stable WD patients on D-penicillamine maintenance therapy with unaltered dose for at least four months. We analyzed laboratory samples from the first screening visit, prior to interventions. NCC was measured by either protein speciation (NCC-Sp) using anion exchange HPLC protein speciation followed by copper determination with ICP-MS or as exchangeable copper (NCC-Ex). NCC-Sp was also analyzed in healthy controls (n=75). ResultsIn 76 WD patients with 21.3±14.3 average treatment-years, NCC-Sp (Mean±SD: 56.6±26.2 μg/L) and NCC-Ex (Mean±SD: 57.9±24.7 μg/L) were within the 50-150 μg/L target in 61% and 54%, respectively, below in the remaining. In addition, 36% and 31%, respectively, were even below the normal ranges (NCC-Sp: 46-213 μg/L, NCC-Ex: 41-71 μg/L). NCC-Ex positively correlated with NCC-Sp (r2=0.66, P<0.001) but with systematic deviation. UCE was outside the 200-500 μg/24H target in 58%. Only 14/69 (20%) fulfilled both the NCC-Sp and UCE targets. Clinical or biochemical signs of copper deficiency were not detected. ConclusionClinically stable WD patients on maintenance D-penicillamine therapy frequently have lower NCC-Sp or higher UCE than current recommendations without signs of overtreatment. Further studies are warranted to identify appropriate target ranges of NCC-Sp, NCC-Ex and UCE in treated WD. Impact and implicationsChelator treatment of patients with Wilson Disease (WD) is currently guided by measurements of non-ceruloplasmin bound copper (NCC) and 24 h urinary copper excretion (UCE) but validation is limited. In 76 adults with ≈21 years history of treated WD and clinically stable disease on D-penicillamine therapy, NCC was commonly found to be below normal values and recommended target ranges whether measured by protein speciation (NCC-Sp) or as exchangeable copper (NCC-Ex) while UCE values were above recommended target range in 49%. Common wisdom would suggest overtreatment in these cases but no clinical or biochemical signs of copper deficiency were observed. Exploratory analysis of liver enzymes suggested that NCC below levels seen in controls may be beneficial, while the relation to UCE was less clear. The data calls for critical re-evaluation of target ranges for treatment of WD, specific for drug and laboratory methodology. Clinical trial number(NCT03539952)

Biochar from sugarcane bagasse: Synthesis, characterization, and application in an electrochemical sensor for copper (II) determination

Biochar (BC) is a carbonaceous material obtained from the thermal decomposition of organic matter under limited oxygen supply that plays an attractive role in waste management. In this study, biochar was prepared from sugarcane bagasse, using pyrolysis temperatures from 300 to 700 °C, and chemically activated with HNO3. Structural characterizations showed that degradation increased as pyrolysis temperature increased. Furthermore, a higher number of functional groups were observed for the materials produced under the lowest temperatures. Chemical activation resulted in oxidation and nitration of carbonaceous structure, increasing the number of functional groups on the materials. All materials were evaluated for the construction of electrochemical sensors towards Cu2+ ions voltammetric determination. The material produced at 400 °C pyrolysis temperature and activated (BCA400) provided the most intense response, which can be related to the presence of one of the highest numbers of surface groups, such as oxygen groups, on it. A method for Cu2+ determination was successfully developed based on differential pulse adsorptive stripping voltammetry (DPAdSV). A linear dynamic range (LDR) from 1.0 to 15.0 μmol L−1 was achieved, with limit of detection (LOD) of 0.36 μmol L−1, and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1.09 μmol L−1. The method was also adequate in terms of accuracy and precision, as well as selective against most cationic species commonly found in tap water. The analyte was determined in tap water samples, in natura and spiked with the maximum concentration allowed by Brazilian legislation, and successful recovery values were obtained. Therefore, biochar from sugarcane bagasse, an environmentally-friendly material, was successfully used to construct an electrochemical sensor and determining an environmental and health interest analyte.

Determination of copper and other trace elements in serum samples from patients with biliary tract cancers: prospective noninterventional nonrandomized clinical study protocol.

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are usually diagnosed at an advanced stage, when the disease is incurable. Currently used tumor biomarkers have limited diagnostic value for BTCs, so there is an urgent need for sensitive and specific biomarkers for their earlier diagnosis. Deregulation of the homeostasis of trace elements is involved in the carcinogenesis of different cancers, including BTCs. The objective of the study is to determine/compare the total concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe) and the proportions of free Cu and Cu bound to ceruloplasmin (Cp) and the isotopic ratio of 65Cu/63Cu in serum samples from healthy volunteers and cancer patients using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry-based methods (ICP-MS). In this prospective, noninterventional, nonrandomized study 20 patients and 20 healthy volunteers will be enrolled to identify serum Cu, Zn and Fe levels, Cu isotopic fractionation as a predictive biomarker of response to systemic therapy of BTCs, which will be evaluated by computed tomography. Newly developed analytical methods based on ICP-MS will be applied to metal-based biomarker research in oncology. In the study the comparison of the total concentration of selected trace elements, the proportion of free Cu and Cu bound to Cp and the isotopic ratio of 65Cu/63Cu in serum samples from healthy volunteers and cancer patients will be conducted to provide the foundation for the development of a BTC cancer screening methodology and the data on their usability as a potential predictive biomarker for BTCs of response to systemic therapy.

Application of a Green Deep Eutectic Solvent for Preconcentration and Determination of Copper and Cadmium in Food, Cosmetic, and Water Samples

Background:: Determination of environmental pollutants is important due to their harmful effects on the health of living organisms. However, direct measurement of many of these pollutants is not possible due to their low concentrations, which necessitates the need for sample preparation methods. One of the rapid and simple sample preparation methods is the Air-Agitated Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (AALLME) method, which requires toxic organic solvents that can lead to environmental pollution. Therefore, finding green solvents like Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) to replace them can be investigated. Methods:: A novel Deep Eutectic Solvent (DES) was synthesized from a combination of choline chloride and 2-phenylethanol with a molar ratio of 1:4, and it was examined using FT-IR analysis. This solvent was used in an AALLME method for measuring copper and cadmium heavy metal ions in complex real samples with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (FAAS). Results:: The influential parameters of this method, such as solution pH (5.4), extraction cycles (12), and extraction solvent volume (440 μL), were optimized utilizing central composite design (CCD). Underneath the optimized circumstances, the detection limits for Cu2+ and Cd2+ were 0.14 and 0.09 ng mL-1, and the linear dynamic range was 0.47-50.0 and 0.32-22.5 ng mL-1, respectively. The preconcentration factors for these cations were 139.7 and 133.4, respectively. Conclusion:: Combining this novel green solvent and rapid sample preparation method for the preconcentration and determination of the studied heavy metal ions has shown promising results in terms of enrichment factors and detection limit values.

SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF COPPER(II) IN SOIL IN THE FORM OF A PYROGALLOL RED COMPLEX IN THE PRESENCE OF SURFACTANTS

The spectrophotometric method of quantitative determination of copper(II) by reaction of complex formation with pyrogallol red (in the presence of cation and non-ionic surfactants is proposed. Optimal conditions for analysis have been determined. The method has been tested for the determination of copper(II) in the soil extractor sample. The metrological characteristics of the proposed methodology are evaluate: the detection limit is 0.12 mg/kg, relative standard deviation - less than 0.05.

Restricted double access ionic imprinted polymer for online extraction and determination of copper from milk samples via FIA-FAAS system

BackgroundDetermining metals in complex biological samples, such as milk, typically involves dry or wet decomposition. However, these techniques have limitations, including low selectivity, risk of contamination, and the use of large reagent volumes. To solve these problems, solid-phase extraction (SPE) using multifunctional sorbents has been extensively explored. In this context, this work proposed synthesizing a new restricted double access ionic imprinted polymer (RAIIP-BSA), for online SPE and determination of Cu2+ from untreated milk samples via flow injection analysis and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FIA-FASS). ResultsFirstly, the polymer was obtained by bulk polymerization using Cu2+ as a template, 4-vinyl pyridine as a functional monomer, and glycidyl methacrylate as a hydrophilic comonomer. Subsequently, it was covered with bovine serum albumin, creating the restricted double access barrier. The obtained material could exclude 97 % of the proteins from milk samples. RAIIP-BSA was chemically and physically characterized. The main extraction variables were optimized via multivariate optimization. The method showed good figures of merit, such as linearity ranging from 0.05 to 1.0 mg L−1, LoD and LoQ of 0.03 and 0.05 mg L−1, intra- and interday precision ranging from 0.73 to 4.14 % and 0.16–3.68 %, and an intra- and interday accuracy ranging from 97.0 to 115.0 % and 103.0–119.0 %, respectively. SignificanceThe developed method demonstrates the effective extraction of Cu2+ from untreated milk samples, exhibiting selectivity, high extraction capacity, prolonged sorbent (RAIIP-BSA) durability, simplicity, and swift operation. This method holds promise as an alternative to conventional metal analysis approaches in complex matrices.

New solid state contact potentiometric sensor based on a thiosemicarbazone derivative molecule for determination of copper(II) ions in environmental samples

Thiosemicarbazone derivative molecules have proven to be good sensor materials in studies using various analytical methods. In this study, new ion–selective sensors were prepared using 2–furaldehyde thiosemicarbazone and their potentiometric properties were then tested. The prepared sensors exhibited a very good selectivity towards copper(II) ions over various ions. Surface images and mappings of the prepared sensors were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Copper(II)–selective sensors had a Nernstian response of 28.5 ± 1.5 mV/decade, and a low detection limit of 6.89 × 10-6 mol L-1 over a wide concentration range of 1.0 × 10-5–1.0 × 10-1 mol L-1 (R2 = 0.9992). The newly prepared copper(II)–selective sensors were shown to be produced reproducibly, stable and economically. The sensors, which can operate in a wide pH range of 5.0–9.0 without being affected by pH changes, had a fast response time of 5 s. The newly developed copper(II)–selective sensors were used as indicator electrodes for the potentiometric titration of copper(II) ions with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and were successfully applied for the determination of copper(II) ion content in various environmental samples with very good performance. The data obtained with the developed sensor were compared with atomic absorption spectroscopy and it was determined that the results of both methods were compatible with each other.

Atomic absorption determination of copper and zinc in pharmaceutical preparations

The effect of Triton X-100 surface-active substance on the value of the analytical signal during the atomic absorption determination of copper and zinc was studied. It was shown that the maximum value of the analytical signal in the determination of analytes is achieved when Triton X-100 is used at a mass fraction of 5%. The sensitivity of the atomic absorption determination of copper increases by 1.74 times and that of zinc by 1.58 times. Sample preparation of pharmaceutical substances was carried out using ultrasound treatment. The most complete extraction of metals was achieved when the samples were treated with ultrasound for 25 minutes, and homogeneous solutions were obtained. The use of acetylacetonates of metals as standard samples of the composition increased the accuracy of copper and zinc determination due to the similarity of the calibration and analyzed solutions. The correctness of the result of the atomic absorption analysis was checked by the "injected-found out" method and by varying the weight of the sample. It was established that the systematic error is not significant. The limits of detection of copper (Cmin=0.002 g/ml, Ctheor=0.004 g/ml) and zinc (Cmin=0.003 g/ml, Ctheor=0.004 g/ml) were determined by the atomic absorption method, they are lower than those given in literature.

Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper(II) in Soil in the Form of a Pyrogallol Red Complex in the Presence of Surfactants

Spectrophotometric Determination of Copper(II) in Soil in the Form of a Pyrogallol Red Complex in the Presence of Surfactants

Simple Magnetic Polymeric Ionic Liquid Nanocomposite Coated Hollow Fiber Membrane for the Determination of Lead (II) and Copper (II) in Water and Fruit Juice with Microinjection Sampling-Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (MIS-FAAS)

A novel and effective adsorbent based on magnetic polymeric ionic liquid nanocomposite-coated hollow fiber membrane (MPILNC-HFM) was developed and applied for magnetic solid phase extraction of Pb (II) and Cu (II) from environmental water and fruit juice samples with microinjection sampling-flame atomic absorption spectrometry (MIS-FAAS). During extraction process, the adsorbent coated on the surface of the hollow fiber can be removed from the solution using tweezers without using a magnet. Additionally, the need to use a centrifuge during adsorption and desorption steps is also eliminated, thereby increasing the speed, simplicity, and efficiency of the extraction process. The nanocomposite characterized through Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses to ensure its applicability. The experimental parameters were optimized by applying one-variable-at the-time (OVAT) approach. Under optimal conditions, limits of detection were achieved 16.5 µg L−1 for Pb (II) and 20.4 µg L−1 for Cu (II), respectively, with relative standard deviations up to 7.9% and relative recoveries in the range of 91.8%–02.2%.

Use of a rhodamine-based chelator in a microfluidic paper-based analytical device for the in-situ copper quantification in natural waters

This work describes the development of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (μPAD) for the determination of copper in fresh and marine waters. A functionalized rhodamine-based chelator was synthesized and used as a chromogenic reagent, forming a highly intense pink complex with the analyte. The aim was to create a paper device that offers optimal performance and provides in-situ, rapid and cost-effective analysis in line with World Health Organization guidelines. The influence on the determination of several physical and chemical parameters was evaluated aiming to achieve the best performance. Under optimised conditions, a linear correlation was established in the range of 0.05–0.50 mg L−1 of copper, with a limit of detection of 10 μg L−1. The accuracy of the proposed method was assessed by comparing the results obtained with the developed μPAD and the results obtained with Inductively Coupled Plasma measurements (RE < 10 %). Recovery studies were also performed using different types of water samples with no need for any prior sample pre-treatment: tap, well, river and seawater. The average recovery percentage of 101 % (RSD = 4.3 %) was obtained, a clear indication of no multiplicative matrix interferences.

Determination of copper and cobalt in different tea samples at trace levels by FAAS after preconcentration with a novel iron PAMAM-OH-encapsulated magnetic nanoparticle as SPE sorbent.

Environmental contamination caused by heavy metals is a significant global concern. The presented study investigated the efficiency of iron PAMAM-OH encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-MNP-G2-OH) as sorbent for the preconcentration of copper and cobalt from tea samples. High metal-chelating ethylenediamine core polyamidoethanol generation-2 (PAMAM-G2-OH) was encapsulated with iron oxide (Fe3O4) to synthesize the sorbent. Limit of detection (LOD) values for copper and cobalt extracted and detected by the developed Fe-MNP-G2-OH -SPE-FAAS method were 0.52 and 1.1μg L-1, respectively. There were 230- and 101-fold improvement in detection limits for copper and cobalt, respectively, when compared to direct FAAS measurement. The percent recovery results for the analytes in green and black tea samples ranged from 93 to 107%, with low relative standard deviation (%RSD) values. The synthesis of nanoparticle was carried out through a unique method, which was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) methods. The analytical results demonstrated the applicability and effectiveness of Fe-MNP-G2-OH nanoparticles on the preconcentration of copper and cobalt from tea samples and the developed method is suitable for the trace detection of heavy metals by FAAS method. To the best our knowledge, this is the first study where copper and cobalt in green and black tea samples were extracted by Fe-MNP-G2-OH adsorbent and precipitation of the adsorbent during its synthesis was carried out in acetone medium rather than aqueous one.

Digital image determination of copper in food and water after preconcentration and magnetic tip separation for in-cavity desorption/color development

A new analytical method for measuring copper in food and water was developed and validated, employing a solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique combined with digital-image-based (DIB) detection. A novel magnetic adsorbent of zinc ferrite/Citrullus colocynthis biochar (ZF@C.BC) was used to preconcentrate copper. A magnetic tip was used to separate the copper-loaded adsorbent from the extraction medium and to dispense it to the DIB plate. In-situ desorption and development of the spot color with iodide-starch reagent were carried out, and a digital image of the developed spots was captured using a smartphone and processed using ImageJ software. The copper adsorption capacity was 91.3 mg g−1. Desorption was effected using a 0.3 mol L-1 hydrochloric acid. The preconcentration factor was 300, the limit of detection was 4.8 μg L-1, the linearity was 16–600 μg L-1 and the sample throughput was 12 h−1. The developed approach was validated by analyzing food and water samples, confirming recoveries ≥ 91 % and 88 %, respectively, with RSD ≤ 8.4 %, n = 3.

Simultaneous Determination of Iron and Copper in Aqueous Solution Using Spectrophotometry

Iron and copper mixtures were quantitatively determined in aqueous solutions for the first time using the analytical method in this approach with the aid of T60U Spectrophotometer. The method is so simple, fast, economic, and can be carried out easily on a bench. The absorbencies for iron, copper and iron-copper mixtures in aqueous solution were measured using T60U adopted with UVWin6 software UV -VIS Spectrometer (pg instruments United Kingdom) by filling two 5 ml quartz cells of dimensions 1*1*5 cm, the first is filled with the blank solution which is a solution containing all the constituents of the sample except iron and copper and the other quartz cell is filled with the stock solution iron and/or copper under investigation. Absorbency of iron was determined by setting T60U spectrometer wavelength at 504 nm, meanwhile for copper absorbency measurements the apparatus is set at 304 nm. Iron, copper, and iron-copper mixture calibration curves were of very high accuracy with the least linear regression value of ≤ 1, i, e the measured data were of relative standard deviation value (RSD) of ≤ 1.5%.

Determination of cadmium and copper in the blood of workers in goldsmithing workshops in Najaf Governorate: A field and analytical study

Najaf Governorate in Iraq is considered one of the areas witnessing intense activity in the goldsmithing industry. Pollution with heavy metals such as cadmium and copper is a serious health problem that affects human health and the environment. This research aims to estimate the levels of cadmium and copper contamination in the blood of workers in goldsmithing workshops in Najaf Governorate, especially workers exposed to pollution and smoking factors. The study was carried out by implementing a field and analytical study, which included a sample of 50 smokers in goldsmithing workshops. Blood samples were analyzed to determine the extent of the impact of workshop work on the levels of cadmium and copper contamination in the blood, and evaluated in comparison with previous related studies. The results showed that working in goldsmithing workshops exposes workers to high levels of cadmium and copper contamination, as the levels of cadmium in the blood were (0-1.7) parts per million compared to previous studies, which were (0-0.7) parts per million, and the levels of copper in the blood were (0-1.7) ppm (5-7) ppm compared to previous studies (0-2) ppm. The results indicate the need to take preventive measures and measures to reduce pollution, improve the work environment in goldsmithing workshops, and educate workers about the dangers of heavy metal pollution and its impact on their health. The study period was from October 2022 to April 2023.

γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane Coated Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Combined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Copper, Cadmium, and Mercury in Environmental Water Samples

γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane Coated Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction Combined with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Copper, Cadmium, and Mercury in Environmental Water Samples

Design of an histidine-based imprinted polymer as a selective receptor of copper(II) for its detection in seawater

A protein-inspired ion-imprinted polymer (IIP) was used as an additive in a carbon paste electrode for the selective determination of copper(II) in water samples. The imprinted polymer was synthesized by precipitation polymerization of a functional monomer, methacrylamido-L-histidine (MAH), based on an amino acid, L-histidine, with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as crosslinker. The corresponding non-imprinted polymer (NIP) and a copolymer containing EGDMA and methyl methacrylate (MMA) (in the same proportions as MAH in the NIP) were also prepared in similar conditions as the IIP. The polymer particles were first chemically characterized by 13C CP-MAS NMR and FT-IR and the presence of MAH was confirmed by the colorimetric Pauly's test. It was shown by SEM and adsorption/desorption of nitrogen that the IIP and the NIP present similar morphological properties. The copper(II) binding properties of the polymers were also studied in a batch adsorption experiment, and an imprinting effect was observed for the IIP. This polymer was shown to possess binding cavities selective towards copper(II) versus common interferents (iron(III), zinc(II) and lead(II)), when compared to the NIP and to the poly(EGDMA-co-MMA). A carbon paste working electrode was prepared with the IIP particles and a limit of detection of 59 nmol/L for copper(II) was determined in a potassium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH = 7). The determination of copper(II) was not affected by the presence of a 50-fold excess of iron(III), zinc(II) and lead(II). Finally, the copper concentration in a real seawater was estimated to be 0.12 μmol/L, in full agreement with a measurement by polarography which was used as a reference method.

Interfacial Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of 316L and S214 Bimetals Fabricated by Wire‐Arc Additive Manufacturing

Cold metal transition wire‐arc deposition of S214 bronze/316 L stainless steel bimetals is investigated, and the effects of heat input and deposited sequence on the interfacial behavior of bimetallic structure are systematically characterized. It is demonstrated that 316 L and S214 bimetals are defect‐free, with no penetrating cracks or porosity, and that satisfactory metallurgical bonding at the interface is obtained. The interface thickness with low heat input is greater than that with high heat input, and the microstructure of the interface has a honeycomb pattern. The interfacial zone presents the highest microhardness due to the formation of Fe‐based solid solutions with high copper content and intermetallic compounds such as AlCrFe2 and AlNi3. As increasing heat input, microstructure of S214 deposited layer in the S214/316 L transforms from α‐Cu+γ + Fe‐rich phase to α‐Cu + Fe‐rich phase + K phase, and 316 L deposited layer changes from lath ferrite to skeletal ferrite with the determinations of copper and cooling rate. The tensile strength of S214/316 L specimen is substantially higher than that of 316 L/S214.

Determination of copper in rose tea samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry after emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction

Rose tea infusion has gained popularity worldwide due to its health benefits. However, it is known that tea plants can be contaminated with heavy metals including copper. Hence, an accurate and applicable analytical method namely emulsification liquid–liquid microextraction based deep eutectic solvent – flame atomic absorption spectrometry (ELLME-DES-FAAS) was proposed to determine copper at trace levels in rose tea samples. Under the optimum experimental conditions, analytical figures of merit for the developed method were examined, and dynamic range, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were found to be 5.07–246.61 µg/kg (mass-based) with 0.9992 coefficient of determination, 2.50 µg/kg and 8.32 µg/kg, respectively. A matrix matching calibration strategy was employed to boost recovery results, and the acceptable recovery results were recorded between 95.9 % and 118.4 %. According to recovery results, the developed analytical method can be safely employed to determine the concentration of copper in rose tea samples accurately.